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This is a classic theory to explain how human reasoning is formulated. Developed by the Greek Aristotle (384-322 BC), one of the most influential thinkers in the entire history of Western philosophy, this theory basically predicts that it is possible to reach certain conclusions from preliminary notions about a specific subject. The classic example that summarizes the functioning of deduction in Aristotelian logic says the following: “All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal”. Philosophers usually divide this logic into two basic principles: syllogism and non-contradiction.
The first is the argumentation process exemplified above: starting from two truths, a third one is reached, the conclusion. Non-contradiction, as the name implies, seeks the specificity of each thing: it is impossible for it to be and not to be at the same time. “Aristotelian logic is based on the assumption that human reason is able to deduce conclusions from prior affirmations or denials. If the premises are true, the conclusions will also be true”, says philosopher Carlos Matheus, from PUC-SP.